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ing about medieval Japan, it is important to avoid transferring European and Chinese qualities associated with the word "emperor" in dealing with the tenno.
Tenshi. Alternative term for tenno. Tokubun. The right to receive income from shiki or land. Modern historians
refer to tokubunken in the modern sense of having the authority to
collect income. Tokusei (rei). A general term meaning governmental policy or reform.
Later, a bakufu order limiting or nullifying commercial transactions involving lands that had been lost or sold by housemen. In the
Muromachi period, a general term for any decree, civil or military, that cancelled debts or sales (KB).
Toshiyori. Elders; chief representatives of agricultural or commercial com- munities.
Tozama. A retainer regarded as outside the lord's household; an ally more than a subordinate. Contrast to fudai.
Tsuchi ikki (doikki). Band or group of peasants and low-ranking warriors organized to demand relief from the economic demands of civil or
military authorities, moneylenders, etc. Especially common in central Japan in the fifteenth century. There is no general agreement on which pronunciation is correct.
Tsukute. Cultivator; person holding the right to work part of a myo. Also the unit of land being worked.
Uji (shi). Consanguineous familial group or lineage. Not to be translated "clan."
Uji no ch6ja. Head of an uji lineage. By the Kamakura period, the title was limited to a few lineages, notably the Minamoto.
Ukeoilukesho. A contractual agreement between a central proprietor and a local landholder (usually a jito but not limited to such) in which the latter assumed full responsibility for collecting and delivering the nengu. In return, the proprietor agreed that his agents would not enter the estate. During Muromachi times, ukesho agreements were made between cen- tral proprietors and shugo (the practice then was called shugo uke).
Yajishi. See jiguchisen. Yaku. Obligatory services. Yoriai. Assembly or council. General term, used both in villages and in
cities. Also a family council, as used by the Hojo family. (CB) Za. Usually translated as guild, the term refers to monopolistic trade orga- nizations that manifested a considerable variety of characteristics over time-from being service organizations fairly strongly subordinated to members of the ruling class, to being free associations of merchants or
artisans. Zaichi ryoshu. A concept used by modern historians in reference to local
warriors from the late Heian to the Sengoku periods who asserted full
proprietary control over land to which they had originally held only limited shiki. This control was outside the centralized shoen system. In


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